Jomo Kenyatta vs Daniel arap Moi

Protected private property, welcomed foreign capital and Africanised ownership rather than nationalising it, under a blueprint titled 'African Socialism'. (high confidence)

Expanded parastatals and state marketing boards in the 1980s, then under donor pressure liberalised prices, maize marketing and foreign exchange in the early 1990s. The record points both ways. (medium confidence)

Settler land was transferred mainly by sale (willing buyer, willing seller) with British-funded loans. The 2004 Ndung'u Commission later documented irregular allocations of public land to the politically connected, beginning in this era. (medium confidence)

The 2004 Ndung'u Commission documented widespread illegal allocation of public land, peaking in the 1980s and 1990s, largely to the politically connected. (medium confidence)

Amendments from 1964 to 1969 created an executive presidency, stripped the regional (majimbo) assemblies of power, merged the Senate into one chamber and ended in a de facto one-party state. (high confidence)

Made Kenya a legal one-party state (Section 2A) in 1982, introduced queue voting in 1988 and removed security of tenure for judges and the Attorney General in 1988. (high confidence)

Built and led the post-independence ruling order. (high confidence)

Ran the ruling order for 24 years. (high confidence)

Banned the opposition KPU in 1969 and detained its leaders without trial. Critics, including the writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o, were detained under public-security laws. (high confidence)

The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission documented detention without trial, torture in the Nyayo House cells and the 1984 Wagalla killings by security forces. (high confidence)