Mwai Kibaki vs Daniel arap Moi

Presided over a revenue-led recovery and Vision 2030: state investment in roads and energy, with private-sector growth as the engine. (medium confidence)

Expanded parastatals and state marketing boards in the 1980s, then under donor pressure liberalised prices, maize marketing and foreign exchange in the early 1990s. The record points both ways. (medium confidence)

Adopted a National Land Policy in 2009, and the 2010 Constitution created a National Land Commission. Little land was actually redistributed. Free primary education pushes the other way. (low confidence)

The 2004 Ndung'u Commission documented widespread illegal allocation of public land, peaking in the 1980s and 1990s, largely to the politically connected. (medium confidence)

Signed the 2010 Constitution (devolution, a stronger judiciary, a Bill of Rights). Earlier backed a 2005 draft that kept a powerful presidency, and was sworn in within an hour of the disputed 2007 result. (medium confidence)

Made Kenya a legal one-party state (Section 2A) in 1982, introduced queue voting in 1988 and removed security of tenure for judges and the Attorney General in 1988. (high confidence)

A senior establishment figure for decades, though he left KANU in 1991 to lead the opposition Democratic Party. (medium confidence)

Ran the ruling order for 24 years. (high confidence)

Media space widened after 2002, but police raided the Standard Group in 2006 and the Waki Commission documented police killings in the 2007 to 2008 crisis. (medium confidence)

The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission documented detention without trial, torture in the Nyayo House cells and the 1984 Wagalla killings by security forces. (high confidence)